Importance of Couseling Essay

The study was limited to only sixteen secondary schools: thirteen government secondary schools and three mission secondary schools in Benin City with practicing school counsellor(s). In all, there were four hundred and twenty respondents (420). Sex was not a factor in the study. Two four-point Likert type scale questionnaires were used to obtain data for the study. These are: Secondary School Counsellors’ Questionnaire (SSCQ); and Secondary School Students’ Questionnaire (SSSQ). The reliabilities of 0.69 and 0.80 were obtained respectively SSCQ and SSSQ using the Cronbach Alpha Internal Consistency reliability. The findings show that there are insufficient counsellors in schools; inadequate availability of counselling facilities; and that the qualification of guidance and counselling personnel has impact on the quality of guidance services they provide to secondary school students in Nigeria. These findings suggest that these variables will help to promote students’ adjustment in the school and the society at large. Paradoxically, the absence of these variables could precipitate students’ maladjustment. Recommendations on ways of improving guidance and counselling services to promote students adjustment were proffered. Keywords: Counselling Qualities; Guidance and Counselling; Students adjustment;; Nigeria 1. Introduction Guidance and Counselling happens to be one of the developments in the field of Education in Nigeria. It became popular with the introduction of the 6-3-3-4 educational system. It is generally accepted that in Nigeria, the organized/formal guidance started in 1959 at St. Theresa’s College, Oke-Ado in Ibadan by some Reverend Sisters, out of concern for the products of their school. They felt that there was need to offer vocational guidance to their outgoing final year students. As a result, the Rev. Sisters invited twenty educated people from Ibadan community who were in different professions and therefore knew more about the emerging world of work than the students and the Rev. Sisters. Fifty-four out of the sixty students benefited from the experts’ advice and were placed in various jobs. The innovation was highly accepted by the society because in later years this group of people, though not trained counsellors, organized career talks, seminars, guidance workshops and lectures for the class five students. Later on, the vocational guidance services spread to other secondary schools outside Ibadan and across the entire federation. The ministry officials became so interested in these organized services that this group of â€Å"Career Advisers† was invited to provide career workshops for teachers and career masters. Eventually the term â€Å"Career Advisers† became a national issue. In an attempt to overhaul the old educational system, towards the needs of the nation, the Nigerian Educational Research Council (NERC) in September 1969 organized a conference on curriculum development. The curriculum conference was followed by a government sponsored National Seminar in 1973 under the chairmanship of Chief S.O. Adebo to deliberate on all aspects of a National Policy on Education using the report of the 1969 curriculum conference as the working document. The conference came up with recommendations for a New National Policy on Education, which the Federal Government accepted and published in 1977 and revised in 1981, 1989 and 2004. With the highlighted changes in the Nation’s educational system, the need for guidance and counselling services in Nigerian secondary schools became more glaring. Consequently, Guidance and Counselling Services became an integral and essential component of the educational process for all students as they progress through the educational system. According to Egbochuku (2008), the aims of school guidance and counselling services, which are based on a developmental hierarchy, are to provide students with: 1. Opportunities to develop knowledge and appreciation of themselves and others; 2. Opportunities to develop relationship skills, ethical standards and a sense of responsibility; 3. Opportunities to acquire skills and attitudes necessary to develop educational goals which are suited to their needs, interests and abilities; 4. Information that would enable them to make decisions about life and career opportunities (: 15). Today, guidance and counselling has gained prominence in t he Nigerian educational system and many people are getting interested in the guidance of youth in making wise educational, vocational and personal/social decisions. Consequent upon the expansion of counselling activities in Nigeria and the need to form a larger association to embrace both counsellors and career masters, the Counselling Association of Nigeria (CAN) was launched on the 11th November 1976. To facilitate efficient management of guidance and counselling services in Nigeria secondary schools, guidance and counselling personnel are being trained in the tertiary institutions and sent to schools to deliver these services. Also, basic courses in guidance and counselling feature in all teachers-education programmes. Prominent among the services rendered by guidance and counselling personnel in secondary schools are Information, Appraisal, Referral, Guidance, Counselling and Planning, Placement and follow-up services for the proper guidance of students. Against this background therefore, the focus of the study is to assess the realities of guidance and counselling services in providing adequate guidance for Nigerian secondary school students. 1.1. Statement of the problem It is assumed that with the increasing complexities in the society, industrial and technological development all going hand-in-hand, the succeeding generation will find it difficult to adjust themselves both to the society, work, family and schools. Failures in proper adjustment to all the facets mentioned could affect the education of young people and expose them to environmental as well as personal problems in development. Guidance and Counselling, as a delivery service, should not be misconstrued as the traditional type that is based on the principles of â€Å"to guide, to direct on a course, to enlighten, or to assist†. This traditional type of counselling was principally carried out in African setting by heads of families, Priests, and church leaders (Olayinka and Omoegun, 2001). Because of the complex nature of Nigerian society, the counselling profession has assumed a wider role. Present day Guidance and counselling is based on the process of helping individuals understand themselves which will lead to the better understanding of the other aspect of their lives (Egbochuku, 2008).   According to the literature, these services are the formalized actions taken by the school to make guidance operational and available to students. These formalized actions typically consist of a set of processes, techniques and functions that serve to carry out the guidance and counselling goals of a particular educational level. For students to be properly informed, they need the assistance of trained guidance and counselling personnel. Hence, the government made it a policy that guidance and counselling should feature in teacher-education programmes because teachers are closer to the students. Furthermore, the department of Guidance and Counselling has been established in most Nigeria Universities to train counsellors at the B.Sc., Master and PhD levels, to equip them with the appropriate counselling techniques to carry out guidance and counselling services in secondary schools. There is need therefore to assess the guidance and counselling services rendered by school counsellors to find out if these services actually provide adequate guidance for students’ development. It is therefore hypothesized that Qualification of guidance and counselling personnel, availability of guidance and counselling facilities, quality of guidance and counselling services will not significantly predict students’ adjustment 1.2. Purpose of the study This study assessed the quality of guidance and counselling services in secondary schools with practicing school counsellors in Edo state. To achieve this, the researcher examined the qualification of personnel providing guidance and counselling services, availability of materials for the successful execution of Nigerian secondary school guidance and counselling services and the impact of guidance programs on students’ adjustment. 1.3. Significance of the study Guidance and counselling is the bedrock for achieving self-actualisation. It is a process of helping individuals to understand themselves by discovering their own needs, interests and capabilities in order to formulate their own goals and make plans for realizing those goals. An analysis of guidance and counselling services in providing adequate guidance for secondary school students is of paramount importance; hence the this study. The result from the study will help in throwing more light on how guidance and counselling services is being implemented in secondary schools in Nigeria and the quality of guidance services received by secondary school students. In addition, it provides information to education planners and school administrators on their responsibility in providing adequate facilities for guidance and counselling services in order for students to receive quality guidance. It also reveals the extent to which guidance and counselling services influence the total development of the potentials and proper adjustment of secondary school students. 2. Methodology This is a survey study using correlational research design. The scope of the study covers some selected government and mission secondary schools with practicing school counsellors in Benin City of Edo State Nigeria. This is because Benin City is a metropolitan city and consists of three well-populated Local Government Areas (Egor, Oredo, Ikpoba Okha LGA) in Edo –South Senatorial District, out of the 18 LGAs in the 3 Senatorial Districts of Edo State. Purposive sampling techniques and simple random sampling techniques were employed in selecting the sample for the study. This study was limited to only sixteen (16) secondary schools thirteen (13) government secondary schools and three mission secondary schools in Benin City because only these schools had practicing school counsellor(s) as at the time the study was carried out. In all, there were four hundred and twenty respondents (420). Sex was not a factor in the study. 2.1. Instrumentation Two different four-point Likert type scale questionnaires were designed by the researcher to obtain data for the study. These are: (1) Secondary School Counsellors’ Questionnaire (SSCQ); (2) Secondary School Students’ Questionnaire (SSSQ) The SSCQ consisted of two main sections viz: Section ‘A’: This consisted of three items requesting information about the level of qualification in guidance and counselling from the respondents. Section ‘B’: This consisted of five items requesting information about the availability of guidance and counselling facilitiesmaterials in the school. The SSSQ also consisted of two sections viz: Section ‘A’: This consisted of eleven items eliciting information about the quality of guidance services rend by counsellors in the school from the respondents. Section ‘B’: This consisted of twelve items requesting information about the impact of guidance and counselling services on Nigerian secondary school students’ adjustment. The respondents in each case were requested to indicate the extent to which they agreed or disagreed to each item. Items one to three in section â€Å"A† of the SSCQ and items one to eleven in section â€Å"A† of the SSSQ were used to test hypothesis one. Items one to five in section â€Å"B† of the SSCQ and items one to eleven in section â€Å"A† of the SSSQ were used to test hypothesis two. Items one to eleven in section â€Å"A† of the SSSQ and items one to twelve in section â€Å"B† of the SSSQ were used to test hypothesis three. The scoring of the instruments was as follow: Strongly Agree (SA)-4 Agree (A)-3 Disagree (D)-2 Strongly Disagree (SD)-1 For all positive worded items the above was the case, while the reverse was the case for all negative worded items in the questionnaire. 2.1.1. Validity and Reliability of the instruments Both construct and face validity was established. The reliability of 0.69 and 0.67 were obtained respectively for sections A and B of the instrument for Counsellors (SSCQ) using the Cronbach Alpha Internal Consistency reliability test. The Students’ Questionnaire (SSSQ) yielded an alpha coefficient of reliability 0.80. 2.1.2. Administration of the instruments Permission was obtained from the school before administering the questionnaires, which were personally administered by the investigator to the respondents in the various secondary schools selected for the study. 2.2. Analysis of Data Descriptive Statistics and Pearson Product Correlation were used were used for analysis. 3. Results Variables Qualification of guidance and counselling personnel Quality of guidance services The table 1 shows an r. value of .169 testing at an alpha level of .05 and a p< .001. The p. value is less than .05 (p

The Reconstruction Era Was A Time For America To Heal,

The Reconstruction Era was a time for America to heal, a time to recuperate and move forward, but certain things take longer than others. One issue that took tremendous effort was the advancement of African-Americans. Freedman were freed by law, but still mentally, socioeconomically, and socially bonded to oppression. Even after the Civil War ended, the fight wasn’t over; there was a war within the government itself, and a greater fight for freedman to achieve economic freedom without barriers. As the Reconstruction Era went on, any implementations used to help the freedman become successful and active in society disadvantaged them, giving leverage to whites labeling them as lazy and making the whites worker harder. One step to†¦show more content†¦Although Democrats didn’t want African-Americans to receive a helping hand, the ultimate mission of the Bureau was working. â€Å"The statistical reports prepared†¦show a steady and healthy decrease†¦of de pendents from month to month† (Hewitt Lawson, 434). In spite of the work of the Bureau and sharecropping, freed people still lacked what they wanted most; economic sovereignty. Democrats, Republicans, and African-Americans during the Reconstruction Era had three different perspectives of freedom, and what efforts needed to be made to make everyone in the country unite. Everyone got what he or she wanted in the end except for African-Americans. Democrats were given the industry of sharecropping, Republicans â€Å"helped† the freed people, but African- Americans were still inferior and treated as slaves. Freedmen were able to work and become citizens, but where they truly free once slavery ended. The Democrats were still in despair after they lost the Civil War, and wanted African-Americans under their control as before. White supremacists in the South saw no humanity in black people, and tried numerous ways to oppress blacks. Freedom of the freed people to Democrats wa s only the end of slavery and physical bondage, but saw them still as inferior and work animals. Democrats valued the work and advantage that blacks gave them, but didn’t value their integrity or moral right to free. Once their worst nightmare came true: life without slaves,Show MoreRelatedBlack Codes, Redemption, And Jim Crow1042 Words   |  5 PagesYale University said, â€Å"The nation needed to heal the sectional divide in order to function as one country.† Healing to African Americans meant trying to understand their role as a citizen, reuniting family members, and establishing their new freedoms as citizens. Many problems interfered with this process. 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A process of trial and error explains both how and why the U.S. changedRead MoreReparations For Slavery During The Civil War1712 Words   |  7 PagesReparations for slavery Reparations for slavery have been a topic among scholars and regular people for years now. During the Reconstruction Era after the Civil War many freed slaves were promised 40 acres of land, as a form of reparations.(Staff www.The Root.com) However, this became an empty promise and nothing was enforced to help African Americans become socially, economically, or politically leveled with white Americans since. African Americans were enslaved to work for big corporations andRead MoreThe Evolution Of Poverty During The Civil War1654 Words   |  7 PagesPOVERTY IN AMERICA Missy Worrells Modern History 1073 November 19, 2014 â€Æ' The Evolution of Poverty in America Poverty is a hardship that has existed in every milestone of American history. War impacted the economy of the country after the Civil War. The twentieth century would see wars, natural disasters, and economical depressions that contributed to the developing culture of poverty. Poverty in any time period is a shattering experience. While being poor during the Reconstruction, theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Standing Soldiers Essay2019 Words   |  9 Pagesrace, class, and regional relations ended up as they did. Looking Backward, on the other hand, is a fictional book in which Edward Bellamy lays out his idea for how a utopian society could be constructed and run. In the era that Savage describes, more easily referred to as Reconstruction, there were a multitude of social issues facing the American people who were more divided than ever along lines of race, class, and region. 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The main characters of the novel confront the torment and conflict of their time. Griggs deploys his characters to illustrate the climate of the day. He touches on such issues as miscegenation, Jim Crow, the political exploitation of the Black manRead MoreAmerican Imperialism And The American Civil War Essay2187 Words   |  9 Pages The history of America is one of complex change, often shifting in both foreign and domestic affairs, where American policy seen as fickle and unsatisfactory. The United States government actions and relations with the American South and broken Native Americans were often very stagnate in meeting their necessities and saw the rise of unchecked oppression on a wide scale. These once threatening adversaries would now know the hand of the Federal government relations as a result of Social Darwinism

Essay on Why We Gain Weight When We Diet - 1122 Words

Have you ever started dieting and instead of losing weight you become more obese! When it comes to dieting, most people fail; because they most likely follow erroneous approach. One of the reasons that is responsible for diet failure, in many people craving for weight loss, is misdirecting concepts. Most advertisements usually emphasize that by consuming their product(s), weight could be lost easily and without spending any effort. Therefore, many people are misled by such ads and eventually, they cease exercising. Unfortunately, such practice results in temporary loss of weight. Another reason that could be behind diet failure is having wrong motivation. The idea of losing a great deal of weight, in a short period of time, is a force†¦show more content†¦Abstinence is even worse that the scenarios discussed before. Dr. Glenville (2012) indicated that, dieting can cause putting on more weight because the body reacts to the scarcity of food by slowing down the metabolism to get the maximum benefit of the small amounts of food consumed. Thus, extreme dieting is not advised because it leads to weight gain in most of the cases. Even if weight is lost in the first few weeks, it is regrettably due to the loss of water and muscles; not fat. However, once the normal eating habit is regained, all the lost weight will be regained back as the body reacts by building superfluous extra fat stores to conserve energy in case of food dearth reoccurrence. In matter of fact, dieting with having no noticeable results is extremely frustrating and enraging, therefore, in order for anyone to have a successful diet and achieve the desired shape; a few actualities must be taken into consideration while dieting. First of all, consulting a physician prior to starting a diet is fundamental in order to have the rightful advice and step by step plan that helps hit the target. Achieving satisfactory and permanent results require long term plan, rather than short term one, in which frequent and small meals are served to maintain steady metabolism. Also, eating at a slower rate helps achieve the sense of fullness before consuming the whole amount of the served food.Show MoreRelatedQuick Weight Loss Diet Plan Essay1583 Words   |  7 Pages Lose 5 Pounds in 5 Days Fast Quick Weight Loss Diet Plans Intro Why Some People Fail to Lose Weight FAQ s How Much Will You Lose Conscious Eating Leads to Weight Loss Success The Basic Diet Plan Alternative Plan One Alternative Plan Two Alternative Plan Three Alternative Plan Four Alternative Plan Five Intro We live in a land of too much food. Every where that you look food is trying to entice us to just take one little bite. 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Fast Food and Burger King - 3682 Words

International Business Assignment Abstract Burger King has been widely known as one of the biggest fast food restaurant around the world. For decades, Burger King has grown rapidly and well known in the worldwide. Founded by James Mclamore and David Edgerton in Miami, Florida in 1954, the company first started its menu dominantly of burger, fries, and soft drink. Since the restaurant grows, Burger King expanded the breadth of its menu by adding various non-beef items like chicken, fish and veggies sandwiches, a breakfast menu, salads and non-soft drink beverages. In this paper, there will be an analytical discussion about the operation of Burger King around the world. This assignment will focus on how international developments†¦show more content†¦In Singapore, the bright and vibrant Americana dà ©cor has made the Burger King restaurants the favorites meeting place for young people, including college students and working professionals. The Burger Kings add value to high traffic locations, often adjoining major rec reational venues such as cinemas, shopping centers and leisure attractions and that can provide costumers with a complete leisure, entertainment and casual dining experience. Like Most fast food restaurants, Burger King has a food preparation area, dining area, and parking lot, and many have a drive- thru section. Drive-thru sales can be important and double windows help speed transaction times. Some restaurants have children’s play areas. Because customer convenience is critical, most of Burger King Restaurants are located in high traffic areas. The Corporation carefully evaluates potential restaurant sites, considering population, traffic flow, and walking patterns. Restaurants may be free-standing or located inside another building. It sometimes may place as a kiosk, with limited or no seating, in tight spaces like airports or train stations. 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Three Day Diet Analysis free essay sample

How does your diet compare to the recommendations you received from the Food Guide Pyramid? I Just recently decided that I was going to start eating healthier. I am not on a diet! That is Just too much stress. However, I have made quite a bit of progress with changing how I eat. The recommendation that I got were not that off of what Im trying to accomplish. I need to eat more fruit and vegetables. We will write a custom essay sample on Three Day Diet Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I have been doing well with the grain and fiber intake. I need to do better with my sodium intake, hich is still a little high, but is much lower than what I used to consume. 2. How many servings from each food group did you consume? Grain 7. 60z, vegetables 2. 20z, fruit 1 cup, milk 2 cups, meat and beans 6. 10z 3. How might you modify your diet to get the recommended servings for each food group? Making sure that I have the daily recommended servings of fruit and vegetables. 4. What are some nutrient rich foods that you could add to your daily diet?

What Role Should Six Sigma Play in Corporate Strategy free essay sample

These objectives are usually linked to specific business processes which have been prioritised for specific reasons such as value to the business or resources required. Once these objectives have been set, Six sigma shapes the plan or strategy of how these objectives can be achieved, this means the Six sigma programme has to be closely aligned to corporate strategy. Some organisations choose to implement Six sigma as a separate organisation which makes measuring the success of the programme easier. 3M on the other hand has decided to employ the strategy internally, allowing it to create an organisation wide common language. Choosing to implement it in this way means that Six sigma will be ever present within almost all of the organisational functions and activities. Corporate strategy is often seen as a concern only for upper and middle management, however when employed, Six sigma will mean that corporate strategy will be a concern from the bottom up as it creates universal goals throughout the organisation and its departments. We will write a custom essay sample on What Role Should Six Sigma Play in Corporate Strategy? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This sometimes results in a shift (both intentionally and non-intentionally) in an organisations culture. Upper management will have to take precautions however, so the Six sigma programme does not disrupt 3M’s strategy so much that the company’s vision is blurred which could lead to things such as a decrease in innovation (something that 3M has relied upon since being founded in 1902. ) This could also lead to a weak brand identity. This issue however has been addressed at 3M which will be discussed in more detail later on in the report. Q4. What are the Human Resource Implications for deploying Six sigma? There are many implications on HR when introducing the Six sigma programme. The HR department in 3M is likely to spend a lot of time and effort in ensuring the programme is a success both in roles directly linked to Six sigma and in roles which have the capabilities of supporting the implementation and running of six sigma. Firstly Six sigma within 3M will have an affect on the organisational structure. The programme uses a belt system (with the different levels and responsibilities shown in Appendix 1. )HR will be responsible for selecting the most suitable employee/candidate for some of these roles such as the black belts, which in itself can be not only complex but vital to the success of the Six sigma projects. Black belts must be chosen carefully as they are the driving force behind the projects involved in the programme, they play pivotal roles in the process and can be seminal in the readiness of employees when adopting the changes rooting from Six sigma. HR will also have the job of ensuring all members of staff with roles to play in the Six sigma process are given relevant, adequate and efficient training in order to carry out their tasks effectively. Another important aspect regarding Six sigma is the reward systems accompanying it, which also could be a consideration for HR. Sometimes existing systems in place can be adapted to compliment six sigma but in other cases new systems must be developed for the scheme to work. Deciding on such systems can be one of the most challenging features to decide upon when introducing the programme as a project team can be made up of a variety of different types of employees with varying salaries, responsibilities and knowledge and/or input into Six sigma, so deciding on a fair reward system can easily debated by employees involved. High achieving project teams can create huge savings for an organisation and deciding on how much of this saving, if any, will be used as incentives is also a matter that needs attention. Although primarily the job of the black belt, in some instances, HR may have to intervene when conflict or a breakdown in communication within a project team arises. They may try and resolve such issues by supporting the black belt in conflict management through training or advice, dealing with difficult team members directly, sometimes providing resources for the team. HR have to deal with such issues as quickly and effectively as possible in order to allow the project team to continue working towards their goals with as little disruption as possible. Other situations that will affect HR from the deployment of Six sigma are; †¢ Establishing communication links for new project teams both internally and externally †¢ Updating the organisation on the progress of the Six sigma programme and communicating it in a way which will be embraced and accepted by employees especially when also trying to change the organisation’s culture as a result of Six sigma. Key HR employees may be used as members of a project team which can increase workloads for the rest of the department. Q. 5 How will Six sigma affect innovative culture at 3M and is Six sigma enough? Innovation is the cause of an ongoing debate regarding Six sigma. Many people believe that Six sigma focuses too much on reducing waste and defects leading to a lack of emphasis on creativi ty. By the very nature of it, innovation normally involves variation, failure and wasted time/effort before it can occur. This means that high levels of ingenuity are virtually impossible when the employees responsible for innovation are bound by the strict and uncompromising requirements of Six sigma. CEO of 3M, George Buckley has taken direct action to try and avoid the possibility of this by investing more money into new manufacturing plants and the Research and Design Department. He also removed the Six sigma process from RD. This was to shift its focus back onto its original intention of developing new products which requires risk and the possibility of defects, something that has no place in a Six sigma department. This was a suitable step to take; nevertheless In order to evade Six sigma from crippling innovation at 3M, they must be sure not to let the influence Six sigma will have on the organisation’s culture to convey into RD, as this may distort the objectives of the department. Six sigma is often used by organisations to create a single common language throughout the workforce, forming universal goals for the company. 3M will have to separate RD in such a way that they are treated as a separate entity to other departments but still have proficient communication with relevant departments such as (Marketing, HR etc. Six sigma derives from a manufacturing organisation and has had its greatest successes in the industry; this means that 3M has the opportunity to exploit the programme to its maximum potential in objectives set regarding manufacturing. Whether Six sigma will be enough to achieve the goals set by upper management not regarding manufacturing (e. g. customer service) will de pend on how sufficiently it is implemented within the different functions. Relevant systems and procedures should be used to compliment Six sigma in order for it to accomplish goals set. Selecting the right strategy and systems to enhance the programme can also help HR and management gain acceptance from employees to the changes occurring, which can be one of the most common and difficult obstacle faced by organisations wishing to adopt this approach to business activities. Such initiatives could include: †¢ Fair monetary and/or non-monetary rewards for project teams †¢ Allocated time during work hours to work on individual projects †¢ Salary increases when moving up the Six sigma belt system Appendix 1 Sponsor Senior executive who sponsors the overall Six Sigma Initiative. Leader Senior-level executive who is responsible for implementing Six Sigma within the business. Champion Middle- or senior-level executive who sponsors a specific Six Sigma project, ensuring that resources are available and cross-functional issues are resolved. Black Belt Full-time professional who acts as a team leader on Six Sigma projects. Typically has four to five weeks of classroom training in methods, statistical tools, and (sometimes) team skills. Master Black Belt Highly experienced and successful Black Belt who has managed several projects and is an expert in Six Sigma methods/tools. Responsible for coaching/mentoring/training Black Belts and for helping the Six Sigma leader and Champions keep the initiative on track. Green Belt Part-time professional who participates on a Black Belt project team or leads smaller projects. Typically has two weeks of classroom training in methods and basic statistical tools. Team Member Professional who has general awareness of Six Sigma (through no formal training) and who brings relevant experience or expertise to a particular project.

Define Cultural Tourism And Urban Conservation Tourism Essays

Define Cultural Tourism And Urban Conservation Tourism Essays Define Cultural Tourism And Urban Conservation Tourism Essay Define Cultural Tourism And Urban Conservation Tourism Essay Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction Malaysia is an attractive touristry finish which offers a broad scope of touristry chance. Tourist can see in different type of activities including cultural, nature, urban, beach resort, island or Highlandss. Tourism sector generated RM 53.40 million in 2009 and it is expected to continually turn in 2010. This enables touristry as one of the of import sectors lending to the Malaysia s economic system. In conformity with the declaration of the Comprehensive Development Plan ( CDP ) as the construction program for Iskandar Malaysia in Johor Bahru, Johor Bahru metropolis Centre will be developed as a urban vivacious metropolis. One of the aims from the development program is to conserve heritage value and historical edifices in Johor for accomplishing holistic development. Conserving and continuing heritage and historical country non merely critical in inheriting traditional civilization but it could besides function as attractive forces for heritage touristry ( Hollinshead, 1988 ) . 1.2 Problem Statement Quickly growing of economic system stimulates development of metropoliss. In order to get by with the job of urban metropolis image and intensive land usage, cultural and historical edifices in the center of the metropolis are used to be sacrificed to give manner to the modern designed high-rise edifices. However, there was a contrast in urban development recently whereby as a consequence from the turning of urban competition, planetary metropolis formation and nomadic capital flows, the more alone, typical and particular a metropolis is, the more likely it has to win ( Askew A ; Logan, 1994 ; Yuen, 2005 ) . This changes lead to the tendency of heritage and historical preservation to specify individuality of the community. This state of affairs is best shown by the development policy implemented by Singapore in the early 1970s and late seventiess ( Lee, 1996 ) . In the early 1970s, dilapidated shophouses in the Central Area of Singapore were demolished to do manner for modern high-r ise edifices. However, by late of 1970s, the authorities policy shifted from renovation to preservation. Transformation and alterations in urban development shows the of import of heritage preservation for the interest of urban competition and planetary metropolis formation. Though preservation is of import to keep cultural value of heritage and historical edifice, yet, the construct of preservation should non simply concentrate on the physical heritage preservation but should included the intangible portion of heritage value in which is best illustrated by the local community activities. Yuen ( 2005 ) explained both landmarks in the reinforced environment and general civilization of a topographic point contribute to formation of topographic point individualities and vicinities. A heritage site is simply a historical relic or important landmark of a finish. However, if there is connexion between the local community and the physical edifices, it would convey a life to the site and finally make individuality and sense of topographic point in the locality. Jonker s Walk in Malacca is best index for sense of topographic point and individuality of the locality, besides as the Urban Heritage. Harmonizing to Shuhana, 2004, street represents people s perceptual experience of metropolis character and individuality. This is because since the early civilisation happened in the universe, human used to set up and develop their community get downing from street. Street is said to be another chief properties demoing local individuality as socio-economy activities evolves bit by bit until it forms today metropolis. In brief, urban preservation comprises of both retaining the historical edifices physically and rapid Restoration to heighten ethic-based activities to make strong sense of topographic point and topographic point individuality of a metropolis ( Lee, 1996 ) . Johor Bahru metropolis has been awarded its metropolis position in 1994. Power ( 2001 ) described metropolis Centre as a topographic point of cultural magnets, singular edifices, attractive streets, public assets and societal assets centered. Johor Bahru metropolis Centre is a vivacious metropolis where major economic activities, administrative organisations and singular historical edifices converged. Over old ages of urban development, the Johor State Government has decided to take enterprises for Johor Bahru metropolis greening in order to renew the metropolis. Iskandar Malaysia ( once known as Iskandar Development Region, IDR and South Johor Economic Region, SJER ) was launched on 30 July 2006. It is one of the five economic development corridors established under the 9th Malaysia Plan. The schemes of put to deathing the regional economic development program are carried out through the Comprehensive Development Plan, CDP. The Comprehensive Development Plan lays on the 10 rules of Islam Hadhari ( Civilization Islam ) taking in accomplishing holistic and sustainable development in the part. The execution of legion investing and development undertakings in line with the Iskandar Malaysia in Johor province purposes in accomplishing holistic and sustainable socio-economic development laid on the 10 Islam Hadhari ( Civilization Islam ) rules. Besides that, the aims of the Johor Bahru City Transformation Plan as one of the development undertakings under 10th Malaysia Plan, is to transform Johor Bahru metropolis into a modern and dynamic urban Centre through betterment on substructures, public utilities, waterway cleaning and security. Both undertakings portion one similarity that is betterment on substructures and public comfortss. The transmutation program besides focuses on conserving and continuing the interior metropolis of Johor Bahru as one of the schemes in accomplishing the aim. Bing the State Capital for about 155 old ages, Johor Bahru metropolis Centre is abounded with the alone features of multiethnic civilizations and impressive historical edifices. Such historical edifice includes State Secretariat Building ( Bangunan Sultan Ibrahim ) , Grand Palace and Royal Abu Bakar Musuem, Railway Station Keretapi Tanah Melayu Bhd ( KTMB ) , Sultan Abu Bakar Mosque, Jahor Bahru Chinese Heritage Musuem, Johor Chinese Old Temple and more than 200 old shophouses ( pre-war edifice ) within the Johor Bahru interior metropolis. These edifices serve as important landmark of the metropolis. Harmonizing to the Comprehensive Development Plan, Johor Bahru metropolis Centre will be earlier designated as heritage precinct. However, harmonizing to Shackley ( 1998 ) , over-use of heritage assets can trip physical impairment ; harm its touchable and intangible values which will finally cut down tourer experience. Mckercher ( 2001 ) responded to Shackley statement by adding significance to its contrast, under-use can take to missing ability to coevals of gross for preservation work or a loss of local support for keeping the assets attraction, peculiarly if public resources are needed to back up its operation. This issue has been loosely discussed and studied in which nexus to the heritage touristry direction and urban direction construct. Millar ( 1989 ) explained the construct of heritage touristry direction is about saving of alone properties of heritage sites to enable the properties to be continually attractive to the tourers. Mc Grill ( 1998 ) clarified the aims in urban direction which is to be after for provide and keep a metropolis s substructure and services and to guarantee that it is in a fit province. The thought merges from both constructs is that, it is of import to pull off the heritage site in order to maintain and keep the attraction of the heritage assets. The cultural value and physical value of the historical relics is closely related. Bing the representors of the yesteryear, it is of import that the representors tell and present as what it should hold to, enable tourers to experience the existent historical experience. In order to continue and conserve the heritage value, the term urban preservation and urban direction has been introduced in 1950s and 1960s through the literature. Steinberg ( 1996 ) identified five major facets in urban preservation which are political facet, cultural facet, societal facet, economic facet and urbanisation facet. In Wong et Al ( 2006 ) survey, six listed standards for urban direction for metropolis development: betterment in physical conditions, economically feasible, socially just, culturally sustainable, environmentally sustainable and institutionally feasible so has a really same significance of the five facets proposed by Steinberg ( 1996 ) , for betterment in physical conditions and environmental sustainable can be classified as urbanisation facet whilst institutionally feasible can be classified as political facet. Both surveies emphasized on the same facets. This shows that every facet is important in success of urban preservation and demand to be conside red when carried out the preservation schemes to guarantee it run into the aims of urban preservation for regeneration intent. Although past research has been done on the important of each facet towards urban preservation and urban direction, yet, there is no research done in analyzing the feasibleness of transforming Johor Bahru interior metropolis as a cultural touristry metropolis utilizing the abovementioned facets. Although there are attempts putted on the preservation of heritage and historical value of Johor Bahru interior metropolis by the province authorities through series of proposed program. However, it is of import for the local community ( stakeholder of the peculiar country ) to be cognizant and act providentially towards the authorities planning. The research inquiry from the treatment is whether the Johor Bahru interior metropolis is executable to be developed as Cultural Tourism City? 1.3 Research Aims Based on the research inquiries above, the aim of the survey is as the followers: To reexamine the feasibleness facets of urban preservation and rehabilitation. To look into the feasibleness of transforming Johor Bahru interior metropolis as a Cultural Tourism City. 1.4 Scope of Study The research country will merely concentrate on Johor Bahru interior metropolis country merely. The targeted respondents are different in every phase of informations collect. However, the targeted respondents can be summarized as panel of expert, local authorization officers, Iskandar Development Region Authority ( IDRA ) officers and local stakeholders of Johor Bahru interior metropolis. 1.5 Significance of Study Upon completeness of the research, it will lend to the academic and cognition with the application of urban preservation, town planning, installations direction and touristry direction in sustainable and holistic development of historical interior metropolis in an urban metropolis. The research will add value to the bing cognition by uncovering the practicableness of integrating the theoretical cognition in the existent universe. Furthermore, completeness of the survey is important to the State Government, local authorization and touristry decision makers as it serves as counsel for implementing development and betterment relevant schemes in relation on transforming the metropolis. Besides, it is important to the existent estate professionals because they will be cognizant on the alterations of land usage and zoning of the metropolis country which will finally impact the market value of the environing belongings. On the other manus, installation direction squads will be alarm on the demand for conserving and keeping old edifices in Johor Bahru metropolis Centre country. Last, the local community will be good from the research as upon the completion of the research, local community will be cognizant on the of import of their function in lending to the attempt of preservation of Johor Bahru interior metropolis. This is because planning is a failure if the local themselves are guiltless on the current personal businesss and development to be carried in their country. 1.6 Research Methodology This survey is divided into five phases in order to take the writer to accomplish the research objectives. The flow of this research is shown in the Figure 1.1 Phase 1: Research Background The chief intent of this phase is to place and bring forth a conceptual construction of the survey. Topic of the survey is foremost identified. Issue related to the subject is discussed and reviewed with back uping facts. Next, the aims and range of survey is determined. Last, significance of the survey as to whom and how it is good is identified. Phase 2: Literature Reappraisal Theoretical information on features that define cultural touristry and urban preservation is gathered and reviewed. Fundamental for urban preservation and urban direction is reviewed through literature in order to obtain the model and construct for the subject. Besides that, brief debut on historical background of selected sites will be introduced in this phase. The related information can be obtained through diaries, conference proceedings, undergraduate and graduate student undertaking and related mentions books. This secondary information serves as the basic in back uping the survey and fixing the questionnaires. The five facets which are political facet, cultural facet, societal facet, economic facet and urbanisation facet in urban preservation revealed from past research will be used as cardinal for appellation of questionnaires. Phase 3: Datas Collection Collection of primary informations sing urban preservation and land usage schemes of urban development in transforming Johor Bahru interior metropolis will be done through multi-approach technique. Data aggregation will be carried out in several phases to garner relevant informations for survey of five different urban preservation for cultural touristry facets which are political, cultural, societal, economic and urbanization facets severally. Expert judgement, interview, observation and questionnaires will be utilized to garner informations. An open-ended questionnaire, together with the Comprehensive Development Plan will be used to obtain adept judgement. Structured inquiries for interview will be designed for construction interview. Questionnaires will besides be designed and distributed to the local stakeholders in the survey country. Observation will be done on the survey country to look into and make stock list of historical edifice in the survey country. Phase 4: Datas Analysis Main undertaking in this phase is to analyse informations gathered from the study. Datas obtained from the interview would be analyzed utilizing both quantitative and qualitative technique. Datas obtained from interviews will be analyzed qualitatively by utilizing thematic analysis. Whilst informations obtained from questionnaires study will be analyzed quantitatively through descriptive analysis, cross tabular matter and frequence analysis. Findingss from analysis will so be discussed to place the feasibleness of the Johor Bahru interior metropolis to be developed as cultural touristry country. Phase 5: Decision and Recommendation Decision for findings in the survey will be made in this phase. Strength of Johor Bahru interior metropolis to be developed as cultural touristry metropolis will be highlighted in the decision. Suggestions on get bying failing ( if any ) of the interior metropolis will besides be focused at the terminal of this phase. Future recommendation will be stated at the terminal. 1.7 Summary of Research Methodology Purpose Phase End product Determine the subject, issue, aims, range and significance of the survey. ( I ) Research background Topic, issue, aims, range and significance of the survey are identified. Define cultural touristry and urban preservation ; reviewed construct and cardinal for urban preservation. Literature reappraisal Relevant constructs and fundamental of cultural touristry and urban preservation are reviewed. Identify targeted respondents ; design and distribute questionnaires ; interview panel of expert. Data Collection Response from targeted respondent are collected. Analyze informations and discourse the findings. Datas Analysis Datas are analyzed and discussed. Strength and failing of the survey country identified. Conclude the findings ; do recommendations and suggestions. Decision and Recommendation The findings are concluded ; recommendations and suggestions are stated. 1.8 Chapter Agreement The survey consists of six chapters. The agreement of the chapters is as follow: Chapter 1: Introduction Introduction to the subject and research background is discussed in this chapter. The job statement sing the research subject, aims of the survey, range of survey, significance of the survey, research methodological analysis and chapters arrangement were highlighted in the chapter. Chapter 2: Urban Conservation and Cultural Tourism Theoretical information on definition and account of urban preservation and cultural touristry is foremost discussed. Fundamental for urban preservation and urban direction is gathered through literature reappraisal. Detailss on the five facets in urban preservation and urban direction for cultural touristry will be discussed in deep in this chapter. Chapter 3: Case Study: Johor Bahru City Centre This chapter is focused on the debut of the historical background of Johor Bahru metropolis Centre, brief description on the tourer reaching tendencies and the kernel of Comprehensive Development Plan of Johor State. Historical edifices and cultural finishs in the Johor Bahru interior metropolis will be introduced at the terminal of the chapter. Chapter 4: Research Methodology Detail description on research methodological analysis used in this survey is discussed in the chapter. The description on research design, research procedure, informations aggregation attack, respondents choice and informations analysis method is focused in this chapter. Author will utilize multi-approach technique ( adept judgement, interviews, observation and questionnaires ) to garner relevant informations. Both quantitative and qualitative analysis will be utilized for informations analysis. Qualitative analysis ( thematic analysis ) will be used to analyse informations obtained from interview whilst quantitative analysis ( descriptive analysis, cross tabular matter and frequence analysis ) will be used to analyse informations obtained from questionnaires study. Chapter 5: Datas Analysis and Findingss Data collected is being analyzed utilizing relevant analysis tools and analysis techniques. Findingss will be presented utilizing relevant mold technique to develop better apprehension towards the result of the survey. Discussion on the findings is the chief focused in this chapter. At the terminal of the chapter, strengths and failings of Johor Bahru interior metropolis to be developed as a cultural touristry metropolis will be identified. Chapter 6: Decision and Recommendation Decision from the findings will be made to confirm whether the findings achieve aim of the survey. Suggestions and recommendation in get bying the failings ( if any ) will be made at the terminal of the survey.